Lexical analysis of us political speeches jacques savoy computer science department, university of neuchatel, switzerland abstract this article describes a us political corpus comprising 245 speeches given by senators john mccain and barack obama during the years 20072008. Robert mcclay dissertation university of birmingham. Applications of lexical cohesion analysis in the topic detection and tracking domain nicola stokes b. In the images that follow the size of the words indicates their frequency in each of the 2 speeches. Ever since the publication of halliday and hasan 1976, cohesion analysis has received much attention in several branches of linguistics. From the result, it can be concluded that in soekarnos speech uses grammatical cohesion typed reference. To analyze how the grammatical and lexical cohesion devices used in the speech text to reveal gender equality. Yet, due to the nascence and of his political career, no studies in the field of linguistics that draw on critical discourse analysis could be found regarding trumps use of language.
Barack obama has become the first politician in the contemporary american history to speak about race and racism. Most of the lexical features such as repetition, synonymy, and hyponymy are widely used in the speeches of the ousted presidents to achieve different political ideologies and strategies such as the ideology of threatening the civilian protesters. Evaluating lexical cohesion in telephone conversations. Lexical cohesion is a semantic relation manifested in the lexical level of language. In this case, lexical cohesion results from the choice of a lexical item that is in.
Lexical cohesion in linguistic and musical discourse. Some important aspects for the analysis of political speeches. Outstanding rhetorical devices and textuality in obama s. The analysis of cohesion in this political speech is based on the cohesion model found in halliday and hasan 1976. A lexical analysis of an inaugural speech of the speaker of. The electric appliances, including the kangaroo and the astronaut, notwithstanding, snowboarded up the slope sadly, swam in the road glady, flew under the sea. This essay will look at how two american presidential candidates try to accomplish persuading an audience to support their political opinions. The research concluded that lexical cohesion analysis was a potential technique to bridge the gap between quantitative and qualitative textual analysis toward political contents by determining. Lexical cohesion is the cohesive effect achieved by the selection of vocabulary halliday and hasan, 1976. Chapter iv presents the framework of my investigation and an example of discourse analysis. Do note that in the third edition of introduction to functional grammar, halliday and mattthiessen divide up cohesion into. The advantage of their work is that it covers documents written. The unit of analysis are groups of words with related meanings. Usually you only get part of the speech, ie an excerpt.
The corpus for the analysis comprises 20000 words for each genre and the model. Discourse analysis of the political speeches of the ousted. Lexical cohesion lexical cohesion comes about through. Abstract this dissertation investigates the notion of equivalence with particular reference to lexical cohesion in the translation of political speeches. Lexical cohesion, thus, is not merely a stable cohesive device that connects information structure within a text. Obama turns the word we into the central message of his speech, and this is a very correct lexical choice. Nov 15, 2012 lexical choice as we saw in previous workshop, lexical choice is an important indicator of speaker stance. This paper deals with the importance of functions of lexical cohesive devices and tries to shed light on the kinds of lexical cohesive devices used in the political speech through analyzing the speech. The subject is at once too vast, and too lacking in focus and consensus. An analysis of grammatical and lexical cohesion in emma watsons speech text on gender equality a thesis submitted to faculty of adab and humanities in partial fulfillment of the requirements for. This paper deals with the importance of functions of lexical cohesive devices and tries to shed light on the kinds of lexical cohesive devices used in the political speech through analyzing the. Lexical cohesion analysis of political speech by beata. A literary linguistic analysis of the features used in political speeches can illuminate the effects of such strategies and techniques to anyone, in addition to providing a more general understanding of. An analysis of lexical and grammatical cohesion on advertisements of the jakarta post newspaper.
The use of sight the visual mode is also familiar in daily communication. Abstract the importance attached to political manifestos make political parties dedicate a lot of time and caution in writing up their manifestos so as to attract the electorate to vote for them. Discourse structure text coherence and cohesion reference resolution. Others prefer to use repetition instead of reiteration, being this one the. Lexical cohesion it is the cohesive effect achieved by the selection of vocabulary. Based on research questions above, here are the objectives of the research. More specifically, lexical cohesion can be achieved through one of these means below. This study examines the discourse created in three of trumps political speeches. Lexical cohesion analysis of political speech request pdf. A thesis submitted for the degree of doctor of philosophy in computer science. Discourse linguistics no one is in a position to write a comprehensive account of discourse analysis. To halliday, lexical cohesion comes about through the selection of lexical items that are related in some way to those that have gone before p.
Cohesion and coherence in political newspapers and discussion. Synonymy synonymy refers to the fact of two or more words or expressions having the same meaning. The relationship between lexical cohesion analysis and lexical chaining is tackled in section 2, while the exact details of our gisting system, the lexgister, and our novel ap. It is shown that how the polarized representations in the two newspapers construct specific interpretations of the transitivity and lexical cohesion. Leftovers from last time input type c seg for abc asr 0. A short sample of discourse is analysed and compared with a sample music analysis, regarding lexical cohesion. Jun 27, 2010 lexical cohesion it is the cohesive effect achieved by the selection of vocabulary. Cohesion and coherence in political newspapers and. Reiteration was found 44 and collocation was found 25. A political speech is not necessarily a success because of correctness or truth, rather it may be a matter of presenting valid arguments beard 2000. Lexical cohesion analysis of political speech political. Lexical cohesion is basically created by the general nouns superordinates, for example public transport, or repetition reiteration of the same lexeme, or the use of other lexical relations as cohesive patterns. We suggest that lexical cohesion analysis is a promising technique to bridge the gap between quantitative and qualitative analyses of text as political material, by establishing units that are both robust enough to enable comprehensive coverage and coherent enough to support direct interpretation.
A lexical analysis of an inaugural speech of the speaker of benue state house of assembly in nigeria language of nigerian politics has been given attention in previous studies from various linguistic approaches such as pragmatics, pragmastylistics, stylistic, syntax and discourse strategies. Hoey 1991 argues that lexical cohesion is the single most important form of cohesion, accounting for something like forty percent of cohesive ties in texts. A political speech is not necessarily a success because of. Cohesion in political discourse 2 although, this work focuses on the concept of cohesion, it still agrees in part with louwerse and graesser 2005s observation in support of earlier studies stubbs, 1983 and may, 2001 that cohesion alone cannot fully account for coherence in a discourse. Lexical cohesion in english public speeches taking the queens christmas broadcast as example yifan he northwestern polytechnical university, changan campus, xian, shaanxi province, china email. Lexical cohesion, discourse segmentation and document. Lexical cohesion poses a particular challenge to the translators of political speeches and thus preserving lexical cohesion elements as one of the major elements of cohesion is undoubtedly crucial to their translation equivalence.
We illustrate the advantages of such a representation by juxtaposing results of a detailed. You need to have some political sociobackground knowledge, eg about political events or ideas like the american dream in order to be able to analyse the speech properly. A lexical chain is a sequence of semantically related words from the text algorithm sketch. In our analysis of political corpora and lexical analysis, we pay tribute to the work done by labbe. Cohesion, coherence and discourse 1 cohesion, coherence and discourse 2 she hid bob then cooked it, whose sister rose prices, which liked very much itself, however sheila wanted. In the five main types of cohesion,the interpretation of a discourse element,is. Lexical continuity is measured as average distance between sentences in a paragraph lexical cohesion and coherence 1534 term similarity latent semantic analysis deerwester90. Translation and discourse choose one or more cohesive devices. From the perspective of grammatical cohesion, conjunctions, reference, ellipsis and substitution are the four mainly used categories.
Ever wondered about the persuasive strategies and techniques employed in political speeches. The lexical cohesion that used in speech consists of reiteration and collocation. This article presents a novel automatic method of text analysis aimed at discovering patterns of lexical cohesion in political speech. Indeed, grammatical cohesion whether it is seen as a process or a product or both is an attempt to give a general view of discourse analysis and its relation to cohesion in general and grammatical cohesion in particular. Understood in this way, lexical cohesion can provide important insights into the processes of ideological construction within a text. Jun 11, 2019 the analysis of cohesion in this political speech is based on the cohesion model found in halliday and hasan 1976. However, the purposes for studying lexical cohesion are varied, and each purpose requires different methods. The notion of equivalence and lexical cohesion in the. The visual mode which uses facial expression or gesture describes as nonverbal language. Discourse analysis, political speeches, arab spring revolution. In the course of discourse analysis, connor 1996 defines cohesion as the use of explicit linguistic devices to. A discourse analysis of a news article in a magazine.
Analysis of political speech essay example graduateway. Cohesion and coherence in political newspapers and discussion sections of academic articles. The interplay of repetition, lexical cohesion, and topicality thus facilitates a multiperspective approach to determining relatedness among sentences or other discourse fragments. Lexical cohesion lexical cohesion comes about through the. An analysis of the use of lexical cohesive devices. To determine the grammatical and lexical cohesion used dominantly in the speech text to reveal the gender equality.
In terms of lexical one, collocations and repetition appear most frequently. Latest trends in political discursive analysis have shown the importance of the study done from the textual. Abstract through political speeches, different types of cohesive devices are used. Lexical analysis of obamas and mccains speeches jacques savoy computer science dept. Political speeches aim at convincing the listener by arguments, to persuade him or her on an emotional level or even manipulate him. He continues that various lexical relationships between the different sentences making up a text provide a measure of the cohesiveness of the text. The method of analysis was to locate words, sentences or paragraphs where it appeared as if. Lexical cohesion analysis of political speech eyal. For that, grammatical cohesion is used as one way to have a cohesive discourse. English letters department, letters and humanities faculty, state islamic university syarif hidayatullah, 2015. A lexical analysis of an inaugural speech of the speaker. Translation and discourse choose one or more cohesive. Applications of lexical cohesion analysis in the topic. Broadcast news gisting using lexical cohesion analysis.
Their similarities are discussed, and the term musical cohesion is established. A literary linguistic analysis of the features used in political speeches can illuminate the effects of such strategies and techniques to anyone, in addition to providing a more general understanding of how speeches are organised. The unit of analysis are groups of words with related. Coherence and cohesion in spoken and written discourse. His speech was probably aimed at making a historical discourse into the times when the u. Lexical choice as we saw in previous workshop, lexical choice is an important indicator of speaker stance. Introduction this paper examines how different kinds of lexical cohesion can contribute to the rhetorical structure of a. Lexical cohesion is a commonly studied linguistic feature as it is easily identified from the surface of a text. Lexical chains building lexical chains is one way to find the lexical cohesion structure of a text, both reiteration and collocation.
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